Background Introduction
Patricia Highsmith, Acclaimed American crime novelist, whose frequently-adapted works include Strangers on A Train, The Price of Salt, and The Talented Mr. Ripley. She moved to New York City at the age of six, and grew up a voracious reader in a troubled household, where she suffered an antagonistic relationship with her mother. One of her early jobs was writing for comic books, while trying to publish her own short stories. In 1948, she was accepted to the author’s retreat Yaddo on the recommendation of Truman Capote, and there she drafted her first novel, Strangers on a Train. The story of a chance meeting leading to murder was published in 1950, and adapted by Alfred Hitchcock a year later, launching her into the spotlight. Protecting her new career was one reason that her second novel, The Price of Salt, was published under the pseudonym Claire Morgan. It was the only explicitly lesbian novel she would ever write, and was groundbreaking for having a happy ending. The story was inspired by her relationship with socialite Virginia Kent Catherwood, and an experience she had while working at Bloomingdale’s. At the time, she was attempting to find happiness in a straight relationship, and had taken the extra job to afford psychoanalysis. But even though Highsmith often claimed to prefer the company of men over women, she was ultimately only interested in sex with women, and had a number of short, passionate affairs that never seemed to last. One of the most significant was with fellow author Marijane Meaker, with whom she lived for a time, and tried to reconnect with later in life. In 1955, Highsmith wrote The Talented Mr. Ripley about a charismatic serial killer, which would go on to spawn three sequels and many film adaptations. Her work was always more popular abroad than in the U.S., and in 1963 she moved permanently to Europe, living in England, Italy, France, and Switzerland. Highsmith had long battled with depression, alcoholism, and anorexia. Her drinking and antisocial tendencies grew with age, and she became known for her meanness, ability to ruin dinner parties, and increasingly racist and antisemitic views. She preferred animals to people, including her pet cats and around 300 snails. Despite a love of privacy, Highsmith was open about her homosexuality, and the fact that she was Claire Morgan had been widely known for decades. In 1990, she finally agreed to publish The Price of Salt under her own name, with the updated title of Carol, also the name of the 2015 film adaptation. She never stopped writing throughout her life, and upon her death left her entire estate to the writer’s retreat where she got her start.
Literature Review
The Tremor of Forgery takes place in 1967. We know the year because the Six Day War begins and ends in the middle of the story.
Howard Ingham is a writer. He lives in New York and is engaged to Ina Palant, a writer who works for CBS. Ingham has traveled to Tunisia to work on a screenplay for John Castlewood. As he waits for Castlewood to arrive, he pokes around, trying to soak up atmosphere before he starts writing. I suspect that Highsmith did the same. She paints a vivid word picture of Tunis and surrounding villages.
While waiting for Castlewood, Ingham meets another American, Francis Adams, who professes to be an unofficial ambassador spreading “the American way of life.” Ingham refers to Adams as OWL, Our Way of Life. Adams manages to be both antisemitic and anti-Arab, which he regards as evidence that he, like God, is a true American. Adams supports the Vietnam War and hates Russia. Ingham thinks he might be a spy.
After a few days, Ingham learns that, for tragic reasons, Castlewood won’t be joining him. He decides to hang out and wait for a meaningful letter from Ina. Ingham eventually learns that Ina is the kind of woman who can’t go a few days without a man’s attention. If he is gone, some other man will do.
Ingham turns down a gay man’s pass but befriends him. He beds an American woman, rather unsuccessfully. All of this nonjudgmental sexual freedom is pretty daring for 1969, but Highsmith was a writer who wrote about the world that interested her, not the world guardians of morality wanted Americans to see.
Ingham begins to encounter ominous events. He stumbles upon the body of a man who has been stabbed to death. His jacket is stolen from his car and his cufflinks are stolen from his bungalow. Later, his violent response to a burglar adds to his worries. Adams intuits that Inghan did something harmful and makes relentless efforts to persuade Ingham to confess.
Deciding that a change of location might be best, Ingham abandons his bungalow for a cheap room with no amenities in the same building as his gay friend. The primitive nature of his lodging causes Adams to wonder whether Ingham is punishing himself. Ingham uses his time to begin writing a book about an embezzler who does good deeds with his stolen money.
The story moves forward at a steady pace, creating characters and atmosphere while introducing occasional dramatic moments — Castlewood’s fate, Ingham’s confrontation with the burglar, the dead man in the street, the thefts of Ingham’s property, Adams’ belief that Ingham is keeping secrets — that might or might not become the plot’s focus. Whether various crimes to which Ingham is exposed have anything to do with the plot is a mystery for much of the story. Ingham’s violent act probably isn’t a crime, but it becomes the novel’s psychological focus.
In the meantime, the characters have interesting discussions (from a late 1960s perspective) about sexuality, religion, Israel, the Vietnam War, individuality, and morality. Whether moral values change with the place in which one lives becomes a key to the story. Ingham “had the awful feeling that in the months he had been here, his own character or principles had collapsed, or disappeared.” Ingham tries to work out his own views on morality through the protagonist in the book he’s writing, a man who might or might not be seen as morally innocent, or whose conduct might at least be forgivable.
He also vacillates about the kind of relationship he wants to have with Ina, if any at all. He is troubled by his other temptations. “Wasn’t sleeping with Ina a form of deception now?” He regrets breaking up with his previous lover, or he doesn’t, depending on his mood.
None of the characters are quite happy with their lives, although they are not overwhelmingly sad. None are particularly likable but none are bad people who deserve to be disliked. Yet Highsmith made me care about Ingham and his gay friend and Ina (Adams, not so much).
Highsmith generates a surprising amount of suspense in a book that doesn’t depend on an explosive ending to wow the reader. Highsmith eschews reliance on the traditional elements that produce thrills and chills in conventional crime novels yet holds the reader’s attention with a low-key anticipation of dread that never disappears. The story is ultimately about a few digressive weeks in the life of a man who dances around his fears without confronting or understanding them, never quite deciding who he wants to be or how he would ever change. He is nevertheless a man who has a life ahead of him. Whether it will be a better life, nobody knows, but that’s true of all lives.
Ingham is in Tunisia at the request of a film director friend who has commissioned the writer to pen the screenplay of a movie he wants to set in Tunisia. But the screenplay is soon abandoned when the director dies suddenly under suspicious circumstances. Ina, Howard Ingham’s one time lover, eventually communicates with him via letter to explain the sudden death in a roundabout and vague way. Ingham can’t decide whether to return home or remain in Tunisia largely due to the curious and sporadic letters he receives from Ina. Each time he writes he pours out his love to her, but she takes her sweet time replying to his letters. She must be prodded to tell the whole story of John Castlewood’s death after Ingham’s repeated urgings. One begins to suspect that Ina is complicit in what at first is described as an accident and then a suicide.
In the meantime Ingham toils away on his typewriter turning out page after page of his novel about the duplicitous banker. He is befriended by two men. The first is the overly friendly Francis Adams whose sunny personality masks a political and religious zealotry that will reveal him to be a bigot of the worst sort. The other is the artist Anders Jensen visiting from his native Denmark and making the most of his penchant for sleeping with Arab boys while attempting to bed Howard as well. Jensen has a dog named Hasso that will also play an important part in the story. Jensen tells stories of some attacks of cruelty on Hasso and when the dog suddenly goes missing he fears the worst.
Significance of the Study
Since living in Tunisia Ingham has found himself influenced by the apparent lawlessness and amorality of the Arabs he meets. He tells Ina “…if one is robbed five or six times, there might be an impulse to rob back, don’t you think? The one who doesn’t rob, or cheat a little in business deals, some comes out in the short end, if everybody else is cheating.” Even his discovery of a dead man in the street at night changes him. He finds it unnecessary to report the body and his indifference has dire consequences later when he attacks someone who he thinks is trying to break into his bungalow. Once again he does nothing but discuss the events in a rather vague manner with his true friend and confidante, Jensen, just as Ina danced around Castlewood’s death (more duality). But Adams somehow gets word of the attack and begins to suspect that Ingham is trying to cover up the murder of a local thief and outcast who has recently vanished. Adams then shares his thoughts with Ina thus turning her visit from one of a reunion with her lover to one of suspicion, mistrust and betrayal.
The novel unfolds at what some might call a glacial pace. But it is fitting for this languorous story of developing friendships, reconnections, epiphanies and — yes — contentment and happiness found at long last. In the final pages Highsmith has a few surprises in store, some of which have been called ambiguous by other reviewers and critics. On closer reading of the subtle clues she drops the unanswered questions all become clearer. The mysterious disappearance of the Arabian thief is suddenly not so mysterious and Ingham may not be the bad man he thinks himself to be. He ends up leaving Tunisia with one final letter in hand, overdue from seemingly endless forwarding, that leads me to believe that he will go on to find the love he had been searching for throughout the book.